Cayenne Pepper
Cayenne pepper weighs 90g per cup but is measured in pinches and fractions of teaspoons. It rates 30,000-50,000 on the Scoville scale, making it quite hot. Start with less than a recipe calls for — you can always add more. Cayenne adds heat without much flavor complexity. It can be substituted with crushed red pepper flakes (which are coarser and slightly less hot per teaspoon). Store in a sealed container for up to a year.
02 // FULL CONVERSION TABLE
03 // WHY IT MATTERS
If your cookies spread, your bread is gummy, or your cake sinks — flour weight is usually why.
A scooped cup of flour can weigh anywhere from 125g to 180g. That's a 44% range — enough to wreck a cake.
Modern recipes use the spoon-and-level method: fluff the flour, spoon it into a dry measuring cup without packing, then sweep flat with a knife.
The scoop method — pushing the cup directly into the bag — packs in 40-50% more flour.