Brown Sugar
Brown sugar is denser than white sugar at 220g per cup when firmly packed, which is the standard measurement method in American recipes. Light and dark brown sugar have the same density but different molasses content. To make your own: mix 1 cup granulated sugar with 1 tablespoon molasses (light) or 2 tablespoons (dark). Brown sugar hardens when exposed to air. Store with a slice of bread or a terracotta disc to keep it soft.
02 // FULL CONVERSION TABLE
03 // WHY IT MATTERS
If your cookies spread, your bread is gummy, or your cake sinks — flour weight is usually why.
A scooped cup of flour can weigh anywhere from 125g to 180g. That's a 44% range — enough to wreck a cake.
Modern recipes use the spoon-and-level method: fluff the flour, spoon it into a dry measuring cup without packing, then sweep flat with a knife.
The scoop method — pushing the cup directly into the bag — packs in 40-50% more flour.